Comparing Mainstream and Critical Psychology - 1708 Words

One of the main divisions between mainstream and critical psychology is that of the methods adopted. Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. The theoretical perspective of any approach in social psychology governs the methods adopted, which in turn have an affect on the knowledge produced. Using examples from the cognitive social and the discursive psychological perspectives, this essay examines how far it can be said that the methods adopted is one of the main divisions between mainstream and critical approaches. It will conclude that, whilst there are divisions between mainstream and critical social psychology, they are not clear-cut. It goes on to examine further†¦show more content†¦The discursive psychological approach analyses discourse, in the form of spoken or written word. The ontology is that people and their responses are socially constructed and situated, creating an identity that is contingent with that context. Researchers examine what is said in verbal or written form, analysing it to create qualitative data. The importance of this can be seen in the discussion by Hollway (Hollway, 2007) about research on ‘hate’, where there is an emphasis by discursive psychologists on collecting information as it is found naturalistically, rather than create it for their use. They do, however, sometimes make use of research interviews, and as Edwards points out (Edwards 1999, cited in Hollway, 2007) the validity of this continues to be debated for the same reasons as in experimentation: the control of the situation rests with the researcher, and the power relations involved result in questions about ecological validity. The power imbalance of researcher giving orders to participant in Milgram’s experiment is an obvious example of this. Comparing a research interview, the very act of asking a question means that the response is constrained to some extent, an example of demand characteristics. This is a subtle focus for debate, but it would make a difference to results. In an attempt to carefully control in order to obtain reliability of results, researchers from both mainstream and critical social psychology make it harder to obtainShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology And Mainstream Approach2191 Words   |  9 Pagestowards Social Psychology and the mainstream approach, it is necessary to define the meanings of ‘critical social psychology’ and the ‘mainstream approach’ in order to view each meaning in an in-depth way. The essay will then be followed by support and a discussion of how the critical approaches view feminism research. The essay will then conclude by summar ising the essay and how both approaches can bring a varied and who view of social psychology. Introduction What is social psychology? A lot of researchersRead MoreQuestions On Thinking Towards Weibo1628 Words   |  7 Pages4.Critical thinking towards Weibo Just because of this freedom expression of Weibo, it also brings loads of rumors in cyber space. Famous American pioneer in personality psychology Gordon Willard Allport mentioned in his book â€Å"Psychology of Rumor† that he emphasis the unconfirmed of rumor. (Gordon Willard Allport, 1947) The French scholar Kapferer not only stresses on the unconfirmed of rumor but also emphasis the unofficial of rumor. (Jean-Noel Kapferer, 2011) In 2006, scholar Brendan NyhanRead MoreLgbt Community And The Community1240 Words   |  5 PagesStates. The paper will in addition be looking at the evolution, therefore comparing times along North Americans view on the LGBT community. Specifically, the essay will be mainly focused over the past six decades since there were major key events such as the big hippie (hippy) movement in the 1960’s that influenced the view of the LGBT community. The topic in set will reveal two social disciplines: psychology and history. Psychology is defined as â€Å"the study of human behaviour and mental processes†. ThisRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both Personality Assessments Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesfor assessment, classification, human capital selection, motivation counseling and training, and not just an assessment inventory. (The Birkman Method: Your Personality at Work, 2013) The MBTI has produced a significant body of research. While the mainstream of MBTI studies has looked at classification of sixteen types, research has also been directed to the calculation of job performance. A major complication to the interpretation of structural research results is the disagreement among researchersRead MoreMy Field Experience At Interactive Neighborhood For Kids Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageshesitant to explore due to parental discipline (Slavin,2012). I also observed a volunteer group from a special education course from Chestatee high school that would come and help clean the museum. My Field Experience: Connections to Educational Psychology Since I conducted my field experience in a non-traditional classroom setting, there were a limited number of activities I could do with the children. Primarily I spent my time observing the children at each exhibit. Particularly, how they used theirRead MoreOthering Through Media4677 Words   |  19 Pagesabout this unfamiliar other. Arguing that media have the potential to shape people’s perception of social relations and groups, this paper contains a literature review on the relation between media and the portrayal of ethnic minorities. By comparing mainstream media about minorities and ethnic media for and by minorities, I conclude that while the former is often guilty of negatively stereotyping minorities, the latter provide ethnic minorities with the opportunity to counterbalance these negativeRead MoreConsumer Behavior And Its Effect On Influencing Brand Recognition2427 Words   |  10 PagesBlackston, 1993; King, 1973; Plummer, 1984). The link between human and brand personality was made in two early research studies (Alt and Griggs, 1988; Batra et al., 1993), but the factor approach to the measurement of brand personality became a mainstream after Aaker’s (1997) article. Since Aaker’s (1997) article, brand personality research has been dominated by Aaker’s methodology (Freling et al., 2010), with all but one measurement scale (Sweeney and Brandon, 2006) using factor methods, and newRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Psychoanalytic and Existential/Humanistic Perspectives4364 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction This essay is about comparing and contrasting two out of the eight personality theories commonly used to decipher one’s personality. Those two are the psychoanalytic perspective and the existential/humanistic perspective. Both perspectives are equally important as they play a major role in understanding personality in different ways and explaining them as well. Freud’s psychoanalysis helps us to understand the individual’s personality from its early years right up to adulthood whileRead MoreEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Social Ethics2191 Words   |  9 Pagessponsoring agencies, the public at large, and society. Ethics are self-regulating guidelines for making decisions. Research Ethics for Social Scientists states â€Å"for the conduct of social science research an understanding of normative ethics is more critical than a grasp of metaethics† (Isreal, Hays, 2010, pg. 12). Although codes, policies, and principles are very important they do not cover ever y situation and often require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learnRead MoreTransactional Analysis - Communication3356 Words   |  14 PagesTransactional analysis Eric Berne s Transactional Analysis - early TA history and theory Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous parent adult child theory is still being developed today. Transactional Analysis has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic, organizational and personal development, encompassing communications, management, personality, relationships and behaviour. Whether

Macbeth the True Nature of Man - 898 Words

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the author tries to show the true nature of man by using the play s main character, Macbeth, as an example. He is overly ambitious, courageous, and self-doubting. Throughout the play, Shakespeare displays these characteristics to the audience through Macbeth to show the true nature of man. At the end of the play, these characteristics ultimately lead to Macbeth s downfall. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is described as being valiant. He is a skilled warrior, who is loyal to his king and his country. Almost single-handedly, he wins the war for Scotland. He defeats many of the enemy soldiers, including a traitor, all in the name of his king. But, when three witches encounter†¦show more content†¦Even though Macbeth can be called a tyrant and a murderer, he is nonetheless, very courageous. In the beginning of the play, he fights very bravely for his king and country. At the end, he fights valiantly, even though he know s he is going to die. He realizes he is going to die when he learns the truth about Macduff s birth. One of the prophecies given to Macbeth gave him a sense of security: Be bloody, bold, and resolute! Laugh to scorn/The pow r of man, for none of women born/Shall harm Macbeth. (IV,i,79-81) Macbeth knows he is going to die when Macduff tells him Macduff was from his mother s womb/Untimely ripped. (V,viii,15-16) Still, Macbeth continues fighting valiantly to the end. He wants to die fighting, with honor. Right before he dies, Macbeth says I will not yield,/To kiss the ground before young Malcolm s feet,/And to be baited with the rabble s curse./Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinane,/And thou opposed, being of no woman born,/Yet I will try the last. Before my body/I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff;/And damned be him that first cries ‘Hold, enough! (V,viii,27-34) This scene in the play brings everything full-circle. In the beginning Macbeth fights bravely, wit h honor, winning on the battlefield and in the end he is again fighting bravely and with honor, this time dying in combat. Macbeth seems to be very secure up on his high pedestal. But it isShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Masculinity In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters in the play contrast Macbeth and Lady Macbeths twisted perception of a man by allowing their emotions and not giving in to traditional gender roles. When taking a look at masculinity in Macbeth, MacDuff’s is an aforementioned character. Shakespeare gives MacDuff phrases, which contrast the misguided ways of Macbeth and his Lady, and also show that there is hope in masculinity. It is obvious that MacDuff is Shakespeares ideological adaptation of a real man. MacDuff knows himself and heRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1474 Words   |  6 Pages Integrity Within Nature Many famous philosophers including Plato and Aristotle have proposed that all matter and life are part of a strict religious hierarchy called the Great Chain of Being. The Chain starts with God on the top and progresses downward to angels, demons, celestial bodies, kings, nobles, men, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, plants, and finally minerals. They theorized that when the Chain breaks, chaos follows. William Shakespeare uses the Great Chain of Being in many ofRead More Macbeth - Tragedy Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagesof his most famous in the tragedy genre is Macbeth. Though Shakespeare can be considered as a scholar in the sense that he was both a renowned and prolific playwright, look back a few hundred years to find Aristotle, one of the most famous scholars and philosophers of all time. In his treatise titled Poetics, he defends poetry against criticism as well as sets standards for tragedies in quot;The Nature of Tragedy,quot; a section of the Poetics. Is Macbeth f it to be included in the tragedy genre accordingRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel And Macbeth 915 Words   |  4 Pagesand sadness† (Herrera). In Grendel, tragedy and confusion is seen throughout the story. The theme in the story of Macbeth is tragedy and pain. This early literature exemplifies evil through these themes. The philosophers whose theories support these themes through British literature are Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Sigmund Freud and Fred Alford. Throughout the stories of Grendel and Macbeth, evil is displayed differently as well as the theories that contribute to the evil seen. Although their philosophyRead MoreMacbeth s Order Of The Universe944 Words   |  4 Pagesking, man, animals, plants, inorganic material, and lastly, chaos. The king is similar to a God on earth, so any ill-willed acts against the king is a direct attack on God. In â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† written by William Shakespeare, there is a breakdown of order throughout Scotland when Macbe th kills King Duncan. This destruction is visible through three main factors: within the person, through Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and through nature. For the prophecies told by the witches to become true, MacbethRead MoreMacbeth As Guilty Of His Fate1605 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth is as guilty of his fate as a man under the influence is guilty to drive off his family from a cliff, to their demise. It is only on him that the guilt lies for he is the one and only at the helm of events. Of course you could take into account the booze in the man, and the prophecy that rotten the mind of Macbeth. Nevertheless, no matter the influence, free will was present, and therefore no one is to blame, but that who chooses. The man could have said no to the bottle, and MacbethRead MoreThe Nature Of Evil : Macbeth By William Shakespeare1664 Words   |  7 PagesOct, 5 2017 The Nature of Evil The story of Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is a dark and quite depressing dramatic play that revolves around the themes of our bare to the bone human nature and if naturally evil or is something decided and developed by the individual mind. In the beginning of the story, are introduced to the main character Macbeth Thane of Glamis, the play gives many heavy implications that he generally liked by the people and the king especially. Macbeth was a warrior ofRead MoreThe Role Reversal Between Macbeth Lady Macbeth1480 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Macbeth by Shakespeare, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s way of thinking get switched. The main reasons for this are the three witches. They told Macbeth and his trustworthy friend, Banquo, that he would be Thane of Glamis, which he already is, Thane of Cawdor, and the king of Scotland. Banquo was told he would father kings. They were both sceptic of these prophecies, but once Macbeth soon became Thane of Cawdor he started believin g in what the witches told him. Once he sees Lady Macbeth, afterRead MoreMacbeth-Nature of Evil1221 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth explores the nature of evil by the gradual change in the environment and the people within the play. Various factors of individuals, society and politics and supernatural themes contribute to the nature of evil. Individuals and Supernatural influences cause Macbeth to become king of Scotland and his reign affects social and political factors. Macbeth was a Scottish general and Thane of Glamis, a loyal, brave man who turned into a murderer and traitor in order to become King of ScotlandRead MoreMacbeth - Fate or Choice?1457 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Throughout the ages it is believed fate, by some uncontrollable force, has the power to forge ones destiny. The outcome of a persons choices is controlled by the way in which they are fated to occur. However, some believe these choices can defy fate and that fate only manipulates ones mind into choosing their own path. The question still remains as to whether individuals are victims of fate or of their own choices, or if each aspect plays a significant part in determining their destiny

The Risks Related With the Hazards and Priority for Risk Treatment

Question: Discuss About The Risks Related With The Hazards And Priority For Risk Treatment? Answer: Introduction There are uncertain economic times may faced by the companies. Thus, it is required to take appropriate actions that can be helpful to mitigate the risk, crisis as well as disaster management in the organization. Risk is one of the main causes of uncertainty in the organization. The organizations need to focus on detecting the risks as well as managing them to overcome the situation. The study deals with the breaches in WHS legislation and hazards within the workplace. In addition, the risks associated with hazards along with determining the priority for the risk treatment and proper management for the level controls in order to address non-compliance with the legislation that is discussed in the present paper. In addition, the consequences of not enhancing compliance and managing hazards in the workplace are presented in the study. The breaches in WHS legislation For a breach of duties, there are three major categories of the criminal offence penalties established under the Work Heath and Safety Act 20112 that can be described as followed. In the category 1, reckless conduct exposes to the individuals to risks of death as well as serious injury or illness that is involved in without having reasonable excuse. In the category 2, failure to comply with health and safety duty exposes to the individuals to the risks of death or serious injury (Alexander 2014). In addition, failure to comply with health as well as safety duty is include n this. There is any reverse onus of proof from the non-compliance offences. The prosecutors need to prove relevant components of the offence that includes PCBU failed in reasonably practicable to make sure that health as well as safety of the workers. In the category 1 offence, the conduct was reckless as well as without having any reasonable access. In the present case scenario, it is seen that the housekeeping staffs have been not present over the last month and there is investigation required for the department. There are 120 staffs utilizing new cleaning substances for last six weeks (Dr enna et al. 2014). Hence, there are breathing difficulties during overcoming by fumes for 8 staffs. Hence, it is required to take proper actions for eliminating the issues from the organization. The hazards need to be eliminated by taking appropriate action. Following of the legislation properly can be helpful to achieve this. The hazards within the workplace One of the most crucial aspects in risk assessment is appropriately detecting the potential hazards in the workplace. Good starting point to walk across the website need free of hazards in the organization (Krger et al. 2015). It is important to check instructions of the manufacturer and data sheets for the chemicals as well equipments as very helpful in making spelling out the hazards along with pitting them in the changes. Looking back at accidents as well as records of ill-health persons often assist to detect fewer hazards in the workplace. Taking account of non-routine operations are involved with the operations. Every workplace has hazards. Steelman and McCaffrey (2013) stated that being an employer, the legal responsibility for looking after safety and protect the employees against health as well as safety hazards at the workplace. In order to manage health and safety of the workplace and assist to prevent from the accidents as well as sickness absence. It is vital to detect, monitor as well as minimize the risk related with the workplace hazards (Chan 2015). The workplace hazards have some aspects of work, which cause health as well as safety risks along with the potential to harm. In addition, some of the hazards are generally likely to be present in the some workplaces compared to others. It is depending on the work and there will be hazards, which are more or less relevant to the business. Along with these, there are several types of hazards in the workplace that have tendency to come under the categories like physical hazards, ergonomic hazards, chemical and biological hazards. In the present case scenario, after conducting review on the premises, it has been found that the lift has break down 5 times in the last month that may cause physical hazards to the staffs. In addition, there are lacks of occupational health as well as safety plan that cause health hazards for employees of the organization. The risks related with the hazards and priority for risk treatment It is crucial to minimize the hazards associated with the organization. Some of the most common health risks related to the workplace hazards can be described as followed. Health hazards cause breathing problems, skin irritation and damage to the muscles, bones as well as joints (Van Der Vegt et al. 2015). In addition, hearing damage can be caused for workplace hazards. In addition, it has been discovered that the Health and Safety Representatives have not completed HRS training. On the other hand, the Health Safety Committee is made of full time staffs from the area of administration. Moreover, the committee has not meet for more than three months as well as minutes of the last meeting show the topic as Christmas party of the staffs. The committee also complete training for being expensive (Heckmann et al, 2015). It results several issues and hazards for the staffs in the organization. Proper management level controls In order to ensure that the organization has reference to the most applicable as well as current legislation, the WHS has some measures through which management level controls non-compliance with the legislation. SafeWork in NSW e-bulletin can be helpful to manage the control level (Lachlan et al, 2016). On the other hand, the Worksafe Safety Australia Safety Alert can be helpful in this regard. In addition, the Standards Australia Online and being memberships of the organization it is required to include acts of NSW Self Insurers Association and Australasian University Safety Association. Along with these, the Manager WHS or WHS Advisors need to address any relevant of new legislation, standards as well as codes of making practices as well as agreements for the changes (Hanna-Attisha, et al. 2016). It also helps to initiate a legislative compliance review that is applicable in WHSMS documentation. The risk controls applying the hierarchy of controls Hierarchy of the hazard control is one of the systems that are utilized in the organization in order to reduce and eliminate the exposure to the hazards. It is widely accepted system that is promoted by several safety organizations. It is required to promote as the standard practice in the workplace (Ritchie et al. 2014). In the present case scenario, it is required to maintain proper hierarchy for reducing the hazard issues that can cause harm for the organization. There are several illustrations utilized in order to depict the system in triangle system. Elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipments are the hierarchy levels of control levels. In the present case scenario, it is required to divide the level of hazards according to working role of the particular level. For an example, lift breakdown issue needs to be solved by the engineering controls (Akgn et al. 2015). On the other hand, health issues need to be handed over the elimination or substitution. Absence of the staffs needs to be handed over to the e administrative controls. Training program is also under that level of hierarchy. Cost benefit analysis Matyas and Pelling (2015) asserted that costs are anticipated expenditure in an organization. It can be tangible. Thus, quantifiable as well as intangible are less easy in order to assign a dollar. Costing of the project in the organization is difficult along with advice from the financial staff helpful for the organization. In addition, attempting to give a dollar figure for each of the costs need to be considered while considering the costs analysis for the organization. The quantifying costs will be encountered in future and considered if inflation needs to be factored in. In addition, collecting as much of relevant data is possible and ensures the accurate results. On the other hand, some costs need to be estimated, as there is clear-cut figures which are available. Advantages are the returns that are expected from the project. There are most of the benefits articulated in the terms of enhancements or cost savings. In this perspective, like costs, advantages can be quantifiable (tangible) as well as non-quantifiable (intangible). Thus, it is required to attempt providing a dollar figure for each of the advantages. Quantifying the benefits will be achieved in future (Blaikie et al. 2014). It is considered if inflation is included. On the other hand, seeking advice from the financial staff would be helpful in this regard. Consequences of not enhancing compliance and managing workplace hazards This model Code of making practice for the organization has been developed in order to give the practical guidance for the persons having duties for managing risks to the health as well as safety under the WHS Act along with the regulations that are applying in jurisdiction. On the other hand, the duty need to be placed on the persons who conducting the business and undertaking (Ingrassia et al. 2014). It includes employers and self-employed as well as the principal contractors and persons by managing and controlling of the workplace. The designers, manufacturers and importers along with suppliers associate with the organization, need to take part in this. In order to have legal effect in the jurisdiction, model Code of the Practice need to be approved as the code of practice in the organization. Determining the model Code of the practice is approved as the code of practice in such jurisdiction (Lavell and Maskrey 2014). Moreover, Work health and safety obligations can apply in order to involved each staffs in a business. It ensures to meet the obligations through familiarizing with the laws. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that workers have work health and safety obligations in the organization. The management and the staffs need to comply with instructions provided for work health and safety in the organization. In addition, using personal protective equipments for the employer provide properly trained staffs for using it. In addition, it is needed to focus as anybody harm by equipments. Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) has an important role to monitor work in health and safety in the organization. It enforces work for health and safety laws as well as conducts the inspections along with investigations in order to ensure the employers and staffs are countering the obligations. References Akgn, ?., Gm?bu?a, F. and Tansel, B., 2015. Risk based facility location by using fault tree analysis in disaster management.Omega,52, pp.168-179. Alexander, D.E., 2014. Social media in disaster risk reduction and crisis management.Science and Engineering Ethics,20(3), pp.717-733. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 2014.At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. Chan, N.W., 2015. Impacts of disasters and disaster risk management in malaysia: The case of floods. InResilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters(pp. 239-265). Springer Japan. Drennan, L.T., McConnell, A. and Stark, A., 2014.Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Routledge. Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R.C. and Champney Schnepp, A., 2016. Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response.American journal of public health,106(2), pp.283-290. Heckmann, I., Comes, T. and Nickel, S., 2015. A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling.Omega,52, pp.119-132. Ingrassia, P.L., Foletti, M., Djalali, A., Scarone, P., Ragazzoni, L., Della Corte, F., Kaptan, K., Lupescu, O., Arculeo, C., Von Arnim, G. and Friedl, T., 2014. Education and training initiatives for crisis management in the European Union: a web-based analysis of available programs.Prehospital and disaster medicine,29(02), pp.115-126. Krger, F., Bankoff, G., Cannon, T., Orlowski, B. and Schipper, E.L.F. eds., 2015.Cultures and disasters: understanding cultural framings in disaster risk reduction. Routledge. Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., Najarian, K. and Del Greco, M., 2016. Social media and crisis management: CERC, search strategies, and Twitter content.Computers in Human Behavior,54, pp.647-652. Lavell, A. and Maskrey, A., 2014. The future of disaster risk management.Environmental Hazards,13(4), pp.267-280. Matyas, D. and Pelling, M., 2015. Positioning resilience for 2015: the role of resistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster risk management policy.Disasters,39(s1). Ritchie, B.W., Crotts, J.C., Zehrer, A. and Volsky, G.T., 2014. Understanding the effects of a tourism crisis: the impact of the BP oil spill on regional lodging demand.Journal of Travel Research,53(1), pp.12-25. Steelman, T.A. and McCaffrey, S., 2013. Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management.Natural Hazards,65(1), pp.683-705. Van Der Vegt, G.S., Essens, P., Wahlstrm, M. and George, G., 2015. Managing risk and resilience.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.971-980.

They all carried ghosts Essay Example For Students

They all carried ghosts Essay The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien, contains many references to possessions of character.Many things Lt. Cross carries were carried by all, including: military equipment, stationery, photographs, diseases, food, the land of Vietnam itself, their lives, and even more. OBrien highlights these along with special things that Lt. Jimmy Cross carries. He, thus, reveals something of what Cross values. Belongings reflect his character and thoughts. Grief, terror, love, longingthese were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight.Lt. Jimmy Cross carries letters and a pebble from Martha, a girl whom he cares about greatly, but she does not share the same emotions for him. He carries these things to remind him of her, of his feelings for her. We will write a custom essay on They all carried ghosts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the end of every day he ritually unwraps them and reads them. These letters are light in weight, only ten ounces, but prove to be a heavy burden. Above all, he carries the responsibility for the lives of his men. He is dreaming when Lavender is shot, and so he blames himself for it. Lavenders death was something which He would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war. He does not always pay attention to what is most important, his men. Lt. Jimmy Cross burns all of Marthas letters at the end of the story, trying to forget her, to erase the memory. Still, he carries her in his mind along with the haunting memory that she was not involved. Martha is just a part of the technicalities now, he bids her farewell in his mind and decides to rid himself of the pebble. He is past his days of dreaming and hoping. Everything that Lt. Cross carries has more physical weight than those letters, but none were more of a burden to him.Everything that Jimmy Cross carries bears more physical weight than the letters. Nothing, however, seems to be nearly as much of a burden. Cross is an ignorant young man going into the war. Lavenders death and everything going on around him opens his eyes to the immediate dangers. What he has, both inside and outside, have kept him from realizing this. His obligation was not to be loved but to lead.