Comparing Mainstream and Critical Psychology - 1708 Words

One of the main divisions between mainstream and critical psychology is that of the methods adopted. Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. The theoretical perspective of any approach in social psychology governs the methods adopted, which in turn have an affect on the knowledge produced. Using examples from the cognitive social and the discursive psychological perspectives, this essay examines how far it can be said that the methods adopted is one of the main divisions between mainstream and critical approaches. It will conclude that, whilst there are divisions between mainstream and critical social psychology, they are not clear-cut. It goes on to examine further†¦show more content†¦The discursive psychological approach analyses discourse, in the form of spoken or written word. The ontology is that people and their responses are socially constructed and situated, creating an identity that is contingent with that context. Researchers examine what is said in verbal or written form, analysing it to create qualitative data. The importance of this can be seen in the discussion by Hollway (Hollway, 2007) about research on ‘hate’, where there is an emphasis by discursive psychologists on collecting information as it is found naturalistically, rather than create it for their use. They do, however, sometimes make use of research interviews, and as Edwards points out (Edwards 1999, cited in Hollway, 2007) the validity of this continues to be debated for the same reasons as in experimentation: the control of the situation rests with the researcher, and the power relations involved result in questions about ecological validity. The power imbalance of researcher giving orders to participant in Milgram’s experiment is an obvious example of this. Comparing a research interview, the very act of asking a question means that the response is constrained to some extent, an example of demand characteristics. This is a subtle focus for debate, but it would make a difference to results. In an attempt to carefully control in order to obtain reliability of results, researchers from both mainstream and critical social psychology make it harder to obtainShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology And Mainstream Approach2191 Words   |  9 Pagestowards Social Psychology and the mainstream approach, it is necessary to define the meanings of ‘critical social psychology’ and the ‘mainstream approach’ in order to view each meaning in an in-depth way. The essay will then be followed by support and a discussion of how the critical approaches view feminism research. The essay will then conclude by summar ising the essay and how both approaches can bring a varied and who view of social psychology. Introduction What is social psychology? A lot of researchersRead MoreQuestions On Thinking Towards Weibo1628 Words   |  7 Pages4.Critical thinking towards Weibo Just because of this freedom expression of Weibo, it also brings loads of rumors in cyber space. Famous American pioneer in personality psychology Gordon Willard Allport mentioned in his book â€Å"Psychology of Rumor† that he emphasis the unconfirmed of rumor. (Gordon Willard Allport, 1947) The French scholar Kapferer not only stresses on the unconfirmed of rumor but also emphasis the unofficial of rumor. (Jean-Noel Kapferer, 2011) In 2006, scholar Brendan NyhanRead MoreLgbt Community And The Community1240 Words   |  5 PagesStates. The paper will in addition be looking at the evolution, therefore comparing times along North Americans view on the LGBT community. Specifically, the essay will be mainly focused over the past six decades since there were major key events such as the big hippie (hippy) movement in the 1960’s that influenced the view of the LGBT community. The topic in set will reveal two social disciplines: psychology and history. Psychology is defined as â€Å"the study of human behaviour and mental processes†. ThisRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both Personality Assessments Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesfor assessment, classification, human capital selection, motivation counseling and training, and not just an assessment inventory. (The Birkman Method: Your Personality at Work, 2013) The MBTI has produced a significant body of research. While the mainstream of MBTI studies has looked at classification of sixteen types, research has also been directed to the calculation of job performance. A major complication to the interpretation of structural research results is the disagreement among researchersRead MoreMy Field Experience At Interactive Neighborhood For Kids Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageshesitant to explore due to parental discipline (Slavin,2012). I also observed a volunteer group from a special education course from Chestatee high school that would come and help clean the museum. My Field Experience: Connections to Educational Psychology Since I conducted my field experience in a non-traditional classroom setting, there were a limited number of activities I could do with the children. Primarily I spent my time observing the children at each exhibit. Particularly, how they used theirRead MoreOthering Through Media4677 Words   |  19 Pagesabout this unfamiliar other. Arguing that media have the potential to shape people’s perception of social relations and groups, this paper contains a literature review on the relation between media and the portrayal of ethnic minorities. By comparing mainstream media about minorities and ethnic media for and by minorities, I conclude that while the former is often guilty of negatively stereotyping minorities, the latter provide ethnic minorities with the opportunity to counterbalance these negativeRead MoreConsumer Behavior And Its Effect On Influencing Brand Recognition2427 Words   |  10 PagesBlackston, 1993; King, 1973; Plummer, 1984). The link between human and brand personality was made in two early research studies (Alt and Griggs, 1988; Batra et al., 1993), but the factor approach to the measurement of brand personality became a mainstream after Aaker’s (1997) article. Since Aaker’s (1997) article, brand personality research has been dominated by Aaker’s methodology (Freling et al., 2010), with all but one measurement scale (Sweeney and Brandon, 2006) using factor methods, and newRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Psychoanalytic and Existential/Humanistic Perspectives4364 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction This essay is about comparing and contrasting two out of the eight personality theories commonly used to decipher one’s personality. Those two are the psychoanalytic perspective and the existential/humanistic perspective. Both perspectives are equally important as they play a major role in understanding personality in different ways and explaining them as well. Freud’s psychoanalysis helps us to understand the individual’s personality from its early years right up to adulthood whileRead MoreEthical And Ethical Aspects Of Social Ethics2191 Words   |  9 Pagessponsoring agencies, the public at large, and society. Ethics are self-regulating guidelines for making decisions. Research Ethics for Social Scientists states â€Å"for the conduct of social science research an understanding of normative ethics is more critical than a grasp of metaethics† (Isreal, Hays, 2010, pg. 12). Although codes, policies, and principles are very important they do not cover ever y situation and often require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learnRead MoreTransactional Analysis - Communication3356 Words   |  14 PagesTransactional analysis Eric Berne s Transactional Analysis - early TA history and theory Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous parent adult child theory is still being developed today. Transactional Analysis has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic, organizational and personal development, encompassing communications, management, personality, relationships and behaviour. Whether

Macbeth the True Nature of Man - 898 Words

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the author tries to show the true nature of man by using the play s main character, Macbeth, as an example. He is overly ambitious, courageous, and self-doubting. Throughout the play, Shakespeare displays these characteristics to the audience through Macbeth to show the true nature of man. At the end of the play, these characteristics ultimately lead to Macbeth s downfall. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is described as being valiant. He is a skilled warrior, who is loyal to his king and his country. Almost single-handedly, he wins the war for Scotland. He defeats many of the enemy soldiers, including a traitor, all in the name of his king. But, when three witches encounter†¦show more content†¦Even though Macbeth can be called a tyrant and a murderer, he is nonetheless, very courageous. In the beginning of the play, he fights very bravely for his king and country. At the end, he fights valiantly, even though he know s he is going to die. He realizes he is going to die when he learns the truth about Macduff s birth. One of the prophecies given to Macbeth gave him a sense of security: Be bloody, bold, and resolute! Laugh to scorn/The pow r of man, for none of women born/Shall harm Macbeth. (IV,i,79-81) Macbeth knows he is going to die when Macduff tells him Macduff was from his mother s womb/Untimely ripped. (V,viii,15-16) Still, Macbeth continues fighting valiantly to the end. He wants to die fighting, with honor. Right before he dies, Macbeth says I will not yield,/To kiss the ground before young Malcolm s feet,/And to be baited with the rabble s curse./Though Birnam Wood be come to Dunsinane,/And thou opposed, being of no woman born,/Yet I will try the last. Before my body/I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff;/And damned be him that first cries ‘Hold, enough! (V,viii,27-34) This scene in the play brings everything full-circle. In the beginning Macbeth fights bravely, wit h honor, winning on the battlefield and in the end he is again fighting bravely and with honor, this time dying in combat. Macbeth seems to be very secure up on his high pedestal. But it isShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Masculinity In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pagescharacters in the play contrast Macbeth and Lady Macbeths twisted perception of a man by allowing their emotions and not giving in to traditional gender roles. When taking a look at masculinity in Macbeth, MacDuff’s is an aforementioned character. Shakespeare gives MacDuff phrases, which contrast the misguided ways of Macbeth and his Lady, and also show that there is hope in masculinity. It is obvious that MacDuff is Shakespeares ideological adaptation of a real man. MacDuff knows himself and heRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1474 Words   |  6 Pages Integrity Within Nature Many famous philosophers including Plato and Aristotle have proposed that all matter and life are part of a strict religious hierarchy called the Great Chain of Being. The Chain starts with God on the top and progresses downward to angels, demons, celestial bodies, kings, nobles, men, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, plants, and finally minerals. They theorized that when the Chain breaks, chaos follows. William Shakespeare uses the Great Chain of Being in many ofRead More Macbeth - Tragedy Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagesof his most famous in the tragedy genre is Macbeth. Though Shakespeare can be considered as a scholar in the sense that he was both a renowned and prolific playwright, look back a few hundred years to find Aristotle, one of the most famous scholars and philosophers of all time. In his treatise titled Poetics, he defends poetry against criticism as well as sets standards for tragedies in quot;The Nature of Tragedy,quot; a section of the Poetics. Is Macbeth f it to be included in the tragedy genre accordingRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel And Macbeth 915 Words   |  4 Pagesand sadness† (Herrera). In Grendel, tragedy and confusion is seen throughout the story. The theme in the story of Macbeth is tragedy and pain. This early literature exemplifies evil through these themes. The philosophers whose theories support these themes through British literature are Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Sigmund Freud and Fred Alford. Throughout the stories of Grendel and Macbeth, evil is displayed differently as well as the theories that contribute to the evil seen. Although their philosophyRead MoreMacbeth s Order Of The Universe944 Words   |  4 Pagesking, man, animals, plants, inorganic material, and lastly, chaos. The king is similar to a God on earth, so any ill-willed acts against the king is a direct attack on God. In â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† written by William Shakespeare, there is a breakdown of order throughout Scotland when Macbe th kills King Duncan. This destruction is visible through three main factors: within the person, through Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and through nature. For the prophecies told by the witches to become true, MacbethRead MoreMacbeth As Guilty Of His Fate1605 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth is as guilty of his fate as a man under the influence is guilty to drive off his family from a cliff, to their demise. It is only on him that the guilt lies for he is the one and only at the helm of events. Of course you could take into account the booze in the man, and the prophecy that rotten the mind of Macbeth. Nevertheless, no matter the influence, free will was present, and therefore no one is to blame, but that who chooses. The man could have said no to the bottle, and MacbethRead MoreThe Nature Of Evil : Macbeth By William Shakespeare1664 Words   |  7 PagesOct, 5 2017 The Nature of Evil The story of Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is a dark and quite depressing dramatic play that revolves around the themes of our bare to the bone human nature and if naturally evil or is something decided and developed by the individual mind. In the beginning of the story, are introduced to the main character Macbeth Thane of Glamis, the play gives many heavy implications that he generally liked by the people and the king especially. Macbeth was a warrior ofRead MoreThe Role Reversal Between Macbeth Lady Macbeth1480 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Macbeth by Shakespeare, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s way of thinking get switched. The main reasons for this are the three witches. They told Macbeth and his trustworthy friend, Banquo, that he would be Thane of Glamis, which he already is, Thane of Cawdor, and the king of Scotland. Banquo was told he would father kings. They were both sceptic of these prophecies, but once Macbeth soon became Thane of Cawdor he started believin g in what the witches told him. Once he sees Lady Macbeth, afterRead MoreMacbeth-Nature of Evil1221 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth explores the nature of evil by the gradual change in the environment and the people within the play. Various factors of individuals, society and politics and supernatural themes contribute to the nature of evil. Individuals and Supernatural influences cause Macbeth to become king of Scotland and his reign affects social and political factors. Macbeth was a Scottish general and Thane of Glamis, a loyal, brave man who turned into a murderer and traitor in order to become King of ScotlandRead MoreMacbeth - Fate or Choice?1457 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Throughout the ages it is believed fate, by some uncontrollable force, has the power to forge ones destiny. The outcome of a persons choices is controlled by the way in which they are fated to occur. However, some believe these choices can defy fate and that fate only manipulates ones mind into choosing their own path. The question still remains as to whether individuals are victims of fate or of their own choices, or if each aspect plays a significant part in determining their destiny

The Risks Related With the Hazards and Priority for Risk Treatment

Question: Discuss About The Risks Related With The Hazards And Priority For Risk Treatment? Answer: Introduction There are uncertain economic times may faced by the companies. Thus, it is required to take appropriate actions that can be helpful to mitigate the risk, crisis as well as disaster management in the organization. Risk is one of the main causes of uncertainty in the organization. The organizations need to focus on detecting the risks as well as managing them to overcome the situation. The study deals with the breaches in WHS legislation and hazards within the workplace. In addition, the risks associated with hazards along with determining the priority for the risk treatment and proper management for the level controls in order to address non-compliance with the legislation that is discussed in the present paper. In addition, the consequences of not enhancing compliance and managing hazards in the workplace are presented in the study. The breaches in WHS legislation For a breach of duties, there are three major categories of the criminal offence penalties established under the Work Heath and Safety Act 20112 that can be described as followed. In the category 1, reckless conduct exposes to the individuals to risks of death as well as serious injury or illness that is involved in without having reasonable excuse. In the category 2, failure to comply with health and safety duty exposes to the individuals to the risks of death or serious injury (Alexander 2014). In addition, failure to comply with health as well as safety duty is include n this. There is any reverse onus of proof from the non-compliance offences. The prosecutors need to prove relevant components of the offence that includes PCBU failed in reasonably practicable to make sure that health as well as safety of the workers. In the category 1 offence, the conduct was reckless as well as without having any reasonable access. In the present case scenario, it is seen that the housekeeping staffs have been not present over the last month and there is investigation required for the department. There are 120 staffs utilizing new cleaning substances for last six weeks (Dr enna et al. 2014). Hence, there are breathing difficulties during overcoming by fumes for 8 staffs. Hence, it is required to take proper actions for eliminating the issues from the organization. The hazards need to be eliminated by taking appropriate action. Following of the legislation properly can be helpful to achieve this. The hazards within the workplace One of the most crucial aspects in risk assessment is appropriately detecting the potential hazards in the workplace. Good starting point to walk across the website need free of hazards in the organization (Krger et al. 2015). It is important to check instructions of the manufacturer and data sheets for the chemicals as well equipments as very helpful in making spelling out the hazards along with pitting them in the changes. Looking back at accidents as well as records of ill-health persons often assist to detect fewer hazards in the workplace. Taking account of non-routine operations are involved with the operations. Every workplace has hazards. Steelman and McCaffrey (2013) stated that being an employer, the legal responsibility for looking after safety and protect the employees against health as well as safety hazards at the workplace. In order to manage health and safety of the workplace and assist to prevent from the accidents as well as sickness absence. It is vital to detect, monitor as well as minimize the risk related with the workplace hazards (Chan 2015). The workplace hazards have some aspects of work, which cause health as well as safety risks along with the potential to harm. In addition, some of the hazards are generally likely to be present in the some workplaces compared to others. It is depending on the work and there will be hazards, which are more or less relevant to the business. Along with these, there are several types of hazards in the workplace that have tendency to come under the categories like physical hazards, ergonomic hazards, chemical and biological hazards. In the present case scenario, after conducting review on the premises, it has been found that the lift has break down 5 times in the last month that may cause physical hazards to the staffs. In addition, there are lacks of occupational health as well as safety plan that cause health hazards for employees of the organization. The risks related with the hazards and priority for risk treatment It is crucial to minimize the hazards associated with the organization. Some of the most common health risks related to the workplace hazards can be described as followed. Health hazards cause breathing problems, skin irritation and damage to the muscles, bones as well as joints (Van Der Vegt et al. 2015). In addition, hearing damage can be caused for workplace hazards. In addition, it has been discovered that the Health and Safety Representatives have not completed HRS training. On the other hand, the Health Safety Committee is made of full time staffs from the area of administration. Moreover, the committee has not meet for more than three months as well as minutes of the last meeting show the topic as Christmas party of the staffs. The committee also complete training for being expensive (Heckmann et al, 2015). It results several issues and hazards for the staffs in the organization. Proper management level controls In order to ensure that the organization has reference to the most applicable as well as current legislation, the WHS has some measures through which management level controls non-compliance with the legislation. SafeWork in NSW e-bulletin can be helpful to manage the control level (Lachlan et al, 2016). On the other hand, the Worksafe Safety Australia Safety Alert can be helpful in this regard. In addition, the Standards Australia Online and being memberships of the organization it is required to include acts of NSW Self Insurers Association and Australasian University Safety Association. Along with these, the Manager WHS or WHS Advisors need to address any relevant of new legislation, standards as well as codes of making practices as well as agreements for the changes (Hanna-Attisha, et al. 2016). It also helps to initiate a legislative compliance review that is applicable in WHSMS documentation. The risk controls applying the hierarchy of controls Hierarchy of the hazard control is one of the systems that are utilized in the organization in order to reduce and eliminate the exposure to the hazards. It is widely accepted system that is promoted by several safety organizations. It is required to promote as the standard practice in the workplace (Ritchie et al. 2014). In the present case scenario, it is required to maintain proper hierarchy for reducing the hazard issues that can cause harm for the organization. There are several illustrations utilized in order to depict the system in triangle system. Elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipments are the hierarchy levels of control levels. In the present case scenario, it is required to divide the level of hazards according to working role of the particular level. For an example, lift breakdown issue needs to be solved by the engineering controls (Akgn et al. 2015). On the other hand, health issues need to be handed over the elimination or substitution. Absence of the staffs needs to be handed over to the e administrative controls. Training program is also under that level of hierarchy. Cost benefit analysis Matyas and Pelling (2015) asserted that costs are anticipated expenditure in an organization. It can be tangible. Thus, quantifiable as well as intangible are less easy in order to assign a dollar. Costing of the project in the organization is difficult along with advice from the financial staff helpful for the organization. In addition, attempting to give a dollar figure for each of the costs need to be considered while considering the costs analysis for the organization. The quantifying costs will be encountered in future and considered if inflation needs to be factored in. In addition, collecting as much of relevant data is possible and ensures the accurate results. On the other hand, some costs need to be estimated, as there is clear-cut figures which are available. Advantages are the returns that are expected from the project. There are most of the benefits articulated in the terms of enhancements or cost savings. In this perspective, like costs, advantages can be quantifiable (tangible) as well as non-quantifiable (intangible). Thus, it is required to attempt providing a dollar figure for each of the advantages. Quantifying the benefits will be achieved in future (Blaikie et al. 2014). It is considered if inflation is included. On the other hand, seeking advice from the financial staff would be helpful in this regard. Consequences of not enhancing compliance and managing workplace hazards This model Code of making practice for the organization has been developed in order to give the practical guidance for the persons having duties for managing risks to the health as well as safety under the WHS Act along with the regulations that are applying in jurisdiction. On the other hand, the duty need to be placed on the persons who conducting the business and undertaking (Ingrassia et al. 2014). It includes employers and self-employed as well as the principal contractors and persons by managing and controlling of the workplace. The designers, manufacturers and importers along with suppliers associate with the organization, need to take part in this. In order to have legal effect in the jurisdiction, model Code of the Practice need to be approved as the code of practice in the organization. Determining the model Code of the practice is approved as the code of practice in such jurisdiction (Lavell and Maskrey 2014). Moreover, Work health and safety obligations can apply in order to involved each staffs in a business. It ensures to meet the obligations through familiarizing with the laws. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that workers have work health and safety obligations in the organization. The management and the staffs need to comply with instructions provided for work health and safety in the organization. In addition, using personal protective equipments for the employer provide properly trained staffs for using it. In addition, it is needed to focus as anybody harm by equipments. Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) has an important role to monitor work in health and safety in the organization. It enforces work for health and safety laws as well as conducts the inspections along with investigations in order to ensure the employers and staffs are countering the obligations. References Akgn, ?., Gm?bu?a, F. and Tansel, B., 2015. Risk based facility location by using fault tree analysis in disaster management.Omega,52, pp.168-179. Alexander, D.E., 2014. Social media in disaster risk reduction and crisis management.Science and Engineering Ethics,20(3), pp.717-733. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 2014.At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. Chan, N.W., 2015. Impacts of disasters and disaster risk management in malaysia: The case of floods. InResilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters(pp. 239-265). Springer Japan. Drennan, L.T., McConnell, A. and Stark, A., 2014.Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Routledge. Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R.C. and Champney Schnepp, A., 2016. Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response.American journal of public health,106(2), pp.283-290. Heckmann, I., Comes, T. and Nickel, S., 2015. A critical review on supply chain riskDefinition, measure and modeling.Omega,52, pp.119-132. Ingrassia, P.L., Foletti, M., Djalali, A., Scarone, P., Ragazzoni, L., Della Corte, F., Kaptan, K., Lupescu, O., Arculeo, C., Von Arnim, G. and Friedl, T., 2014. Education and training initiatives for crisis management in the European Union: a web-based analysis of available programs.Prehospital and disaster medicine,29(02), pp.115-126. Krger, F., Bankoff, G., Cannon, T., Orlowski, B. and Schipper, E.L.F. eds., 2015.Cultures and disasters: understanding cultural framings in disaster risk reduction. Routledge. Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., Najarian, K. and Del Greco, M., 2016. Social media and crisis management: CERC, search strategies, and Twitter content.Computers in Human Behavior,54, pp.647-652. Lavell, A. and Maskrey, A., 2014. The future of disaster risk management.Environmental Hazards,13(4), pp.267-280. Matyas, D. and Pelling, M., 2015. Positioning resilience for 2015: the role of resistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster risk management policy.Disasters,39(s1). Ritchie, B.W., Crotts, J.C., Zehrer, A. and Volsky, G.T., 2014. Understanding the effects of a tourism crisis: the impact of the BP oil spill on regional lodging demand.Journal of Travel Research,53(1), pp.12-25. Steelman, T.A. and McCaffrey, S., 2013. Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management.Natural Hazards,65(1), pp.683-705. Van Der Vegt, G.S., Essens, P., Wahlstrm, M. and George, G., 2015. Managing risk and resilience.Academy of Management Journal,58(4), pp.971-980.

They all carried ghosts Essay Example For Students

They all carried ghosts Essay The Things They Carried, by Tim OBrien, contains many references to possessions of character.Many things Lt. Cross carries were carried by all, including: military equipment, stationery, photographs, diseases, food, the land of Vietnam itself, their lives, and even more. OBrien highlights these along with special things that Lt. Jimmy Cross carries. He, thus, reveals something of what Cross values. Belongings reflect his character and thoughts. Grief, terror, love, longingthese were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight.Lt. Jimmy Cross carries letters and a pebble from Martha, a girl whom he cares about greatly, but she does not share the same emotions for him. He carries these things to remind him of her, of his feelings for her. We will write a custom essay on They all carried ghosts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At the end of every day he ritually unwraps them and reads them. These letters are light in weight, only ten ounces, but prove to be a heavy burden. Above all, he carries the responsibility for the lives of his men. He is dreaming when Lavender is shot, and so he blames himself for it. Lavenders death was something which He would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war. He does not always pay attention to what is most important, his men. Lt. Jimmy Cross burns all of Marthas letters at the end of the story, trying to forget her, to erase the memory. Still, he carries her in his mind along with the haunting memory that she was not involved. Martha is just a part of the technicalities now, he bids her farewell in his mind and decides to rid himself of the pebble. He is past his days of dreaming and hoping. Everything that Lt. Cross carries has more physical weight than those letters, but none were more of a burden to him.Everything that Jimmy Cross carries bears more physical weight than the letters. Nothing, however, seems to be nearly as much of a burden. Cross is an ignorant young man going into the war. Lavenders death and everything going on around him opens his eyes to the immediate dangers. What he has, both inside and outside, have kept him from realizing this. His obligation was not to be loved but to lead.

Snowboarding saftey essays

Snowboarding saftey essays One of the newest and fastest spreading sports is snowboarding. As this sport has come along, several cliches have been formed. One outstanding one is that all snowboarders are reckless teenagers who should go home. Well, it is true for the most part, but there are also exceptions. The safe ones. The key to snowboarding is safety. A good rider is a safe rider. A boarder must always follow the official code of responsibility. Boarders must also protect themselves. If safety is not taken seriously, snowboarding can be dangerous. The code of responsibility is as follows: 1. Ride under control and in such a manner that you can stop or avoid other riders or objects. Recently, a snowboarder did not follow this rule and hit a jump and landed on a skier killing him. 2. When riding downhill or overtaking another rider, you must avoid the rider below you. This rule should be followed when passing those slow skiers who take up the whole hill with the unnecessarily long turns. 3. You must not stop where you obstruct a trail or are not visible from above. When local snowboarder Pepper Fajans stopped under a jump to pick up a hat and goggles, another snowboarder came over the jump and hit Fajans. Fajans should have followed this rule. 4. When entering a trail or starting downhill, yield to other riders. Not yielding to others can cause a collision. 5. All riders shall use devices to prevent runaway skis. A leash around the ankle will prevent a miss held board from sliding down he hill and hitting somebody. Fine s can be around $500 if a runaway prevention device isn't worn. 6. A rider shall keep off closed trails and posted areas and observe all posted signs. Often these signs will give warning of a cliff and should be taken seriously. Even if you follow the rules though, there is still room for injury. The law does not require boarders to wear any kind of protection but many people have begun using helmets among other types o...

137 Pre-College Summer Programs for High School Students

137 Pre-College Summer Programs for High School Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Summer programs provide high school students with opportunities to explore their academic interests and spark new passions. They also allow high school students to get a taste of college life and meet otherstudents from all over the world. In this article, I'll provide a list of 137 collegesthroughout the United States that host summer programs for high school students. Furthermore, I'll give you information about what pre-college summer programs are like and how you can select the right program for you. What Is a Pre-College Summer Program? A pre-college summer program offers high school students the opportunity to take classes at a college and experience college life during the summer. Most programs range from one to seven weeks long. You can take programs that focus on a number of diverse subjects, such aswriting, leadership, entrepreneurship, and engineering. Many summer programs offer both residential and commuter options. Students can stay in dorms with their peers or commute from home if they live close to campus. In addition, not only are students able to take classes from college professors or visiting scholars, but they’re also able to listen to lectures from alumni and participate in social activities. Many selective private colleges, includingStanford,Harvard, andColumbia, offer pre-college summer programs for high school students. Some pre-college summer programs are open enrollment (anyone can attend), while others require admission through an application process. The selective programs typically require teacher recommendations, application essays, and standardized test scores. Check a specific program's website for its admission requirements. While these programs can be fun and educational, most of them are expensive. There are some free programs and many programs that offer financial aid for qualified students, but summer programs often cost thousands of dollars. Pictures of Money/Flickr How Did I Create This List of College Summer Programs for High School Students? To make the following list of summer programs for high school students, I relied on information from Summer Program Finder, which helps locate various summer programs. I looked up the programs in each region of the country and listed the colleges that host programs. In addition to the listed programs, there are summer programs for high school students that are not housed at colleges. Because programs are always evolving, note that there might be programs at colleges that aren't listed below. That said, you can alwayslook at a specific college's website to see whether it offers summer programs for high school students. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. List of Summer Programs Below is an extensive list of summer programs at 137 US colleges,organized alphabetically by state. Alabama School Location University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL Arizona School Location Arizona State University Tempe, AZ California School Location California College of the Arts Oakland, CA Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, CA Middlebury Institute of International Studies Monterey Monterey, CA Stanford University Stanford, CA UC Berkeley Berkeley, CA UC Davis Davis, CA UCLA Los Angeles, CA UCSB Santa Barbara, CA UCSD La Jolla, CA UCSF San Francisco, CA USC Los Angeles, CA Colorado School Location Johnson Wales University Denver, CO US Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, CO Connecticut School Location US Coast Guard Academy New London, CT Yale University New Haven, CT Delaware School Location Delaware State University Dover, DE District of Columbia School Location American University Washington, DC The Catholic University of America Washington, DC The George Washington University Washington, DC Georgetown University Washington, DC Florida School Location Johnson Wales University North Miami, FL University of Miami Coral Gables, FL Georgia School Location Emory University Atlanta, GA Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA Savannah College of Art and Design Savannah, GA Illinois School Location Northwestern University Evanston, IL University of Chicago Chicago, IL University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL Indiana School Location Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington, IN Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Terre Haute, IN University of Notre Dame South Bend, IN Kentucky School Location Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, KY Maine School Location Colby College Waterville, ME University of New England Biddeford, ME Maryland School Location Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD Maryland Institute College of Art Baltimore, MD University of Maryland College Park, MD US Naval Academy Annapolis, MD Massachusetts School Location Babson College Babson Park, MA Bentley University Waltham, MA Berklee College of Music Boston, MA Boston University Boston, MA Brandeis University Waltham, MA Emerson College Boston, MA Hampshire College Amherst, MA Harvard University Cambridge, MA MIT Cambridge, MA Smith College Northampton, MA Springfield College Springfield, MA Tufts University Medford, MA Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA Michigan School Location Michigan State University East Lansing, MI University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Minnesota School Location Carleton College Northfield, MN Missouri School Location Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO New Hampshire School Location Dartmouth College Hanover, NH New Jersey School Location Caldwell University Caldwell, NJ Centenary University Parsippany, NJ The College of New Jersey Ewing, NJ Drew University Madison, NJ Fairleigh Dickinson University Teaneck, NJ Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ Princeton University Princeton, NJ Ramapo College Mahwah, NJ Rider University Lawrence Township, NJ Rowan University Glassboro, NJ Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ New York School Location Adelphi University Garden City, NY Alfred University Alfred, NY Barnard College New York, NY City College of New York New York, NY Columbia University New York, NY Cornell University Ithaca, NY Ithaca College Ithaca, NY Marist College Poughkeepsie, NY Mercy College Dobbs Ferry, NY New York Institute of Technology New York, NY NYU New York, NY Parsons The New School of Design New York, NY Pratt Institute Brooklyn, NY Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY The Rockefeller University New York, NY Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY School of Visual Arts New York, NY Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, NY Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY SUNY Fashion Institute of Technology New York, NY SUNY Oneonta Oneonta, NY Syracuse University Syracuse, NY Union College Schenectady, NY University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY University of Rochester Rochester, NY US Military Academy (West Point) West Point, NY Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY North Carolina School Location Duke University Durham, NC Johnson Wales University Charlotte, NC UNC Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC UNC Greensboro Greensboro, NC Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC Ohio School Location Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH Columbus College of Art and Design Columbus, OH The Ohio State University Columbus, OH Oregon School Location Lewis Clark College Portland, OR Pennsylvania School Location Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA Drexel University Philadelphia, PA Gettysburg College Gettysburg, PA Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA Penn State Berks Reading, PA Penn State New Kensington New Kensington, PA Penn State University Park State College, PA Penn State York York, PA Susquehanna University Selinsgrove, PA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA Rhode Island School Location Brown University Providence, RI Bryant University Smithfield, RI Johnson Wales University Providence, RI South Carolina School Location Clemson University Clemson, SC South Dakota School Location South Dakota School of Mines Technology Rapid City, SD Tennessee School Location Sewanee: The University of the South Sewanee, TN Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN Texas School Location Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX University of Houston Houston, TX UT Austin Austin, TX Vermont School Location Middlebury College Middlebury, VT Virginia School Location College of William Mary Williamsburg, VA Hollins University Roanoke, VA University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA Washington School Location University of Washington Seattle, WA Wisconsin School Location University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Should You Attenda College Summer Program? Really, it’s up to you whether or not you decide to attenda summer program. You can check out our post onwhether you should do a pre-college summer program for a detailed explanation of the pros and cons. On the plus side, summer programs can provide you with a good opportunity to explore your academic interests or take a class in a subject that’s not offered at your high school. Also, you can make friends, experience a taste of college life, and get a better idea of whether or not you want to attend a specific school. On the negative side, most college summer programs for high school students are expensive, and they might not provide much help with getting into college (unless it’s a highly selective program that’s offered at no or minimal cost). Do your research, and if a program is something you can afford and would likely enjoy, go for it! It might stimulate your academic and personal growth, and can help you clarify your future goals. If you know for sure that you want to do a pre-college summer program, there are a number of factors to consider to help you selectthe right program for you. The location of the program is an extremely important consideration for many students. If you have a dream school or a college you're strongly considering, you might want to do a program on that school's campus to get a better feel for the college and to demonstrate your interest in it. You might also want to save money by going to a program close to home, or perhaps you'd like to be able to spend a few weeks living in a big city, such as New York or Boston. Additionally, be sure toselect a program that's in line with your interests. If you have a passion for creative writing, then you can cultivate that passion in a writing program. If you're fascinated by business, you can hone your business skills in an entrepreneurship program. Finally, you might need to consider the cost and length of the program. If you have a limited budget, you'll likely have to focus your search on cheaper programs that you can actually afford. If you have other obligations or activities you're hoping to do during the summer, you might want to choose a shorter program. You can use this list and the Summer Program Finder to identify programs that match what you're looking for. Good luck! What's Next? Thinking of becoming a doctor? Maybe you'll be interested in doing a medical summer program. If you want to explore your interests during the summer without leaving home or paying to attend a summer program, perhaps you can get an internship. Are you interested in other ideas for summer activities? Learn more about what you can do during the summer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Audit report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Audit report - Essay Example The two major perceptions are in line with the Audit Report’s adding significant credibility to the companies’ financial statements. A credible financial statement is a good basis for making a more informed management decisions as well as stakeholders’ decisions (Asare, 2009). Consequently, the IAASB is currently processing the enhanced auditor’s report. The IAASB’s research focuses on adhering to the different stakeholders’ demand for a more informed audit report. The new audit report will serve as a global solution to global popular demand for a change in the current audit reports’ standardized formats. The stakeholders’ audit report request is grounded on the growing complexities of the financial reports. The stakeholders include the investors, residents, managers, community, and employees. The standard audit report formats include the qualified opinion format, unqualified opinion format, and the adverse opinion format. The same board correctly affirms that international leaders must do their share to ensuring the audit report contains additional information needed by the decision makers. A more informed audit report contains additional relevant and valid information pertaining to the fairness or trueness of the finan cial report data (IFAC.org, 2013). The new audit report will include some notable changes. One of the major changes is to necessarily allow the external auditors to include comments to their audit reports (Gold et al., 2009). One of the reasons for the changes are necessary is that the comments will deliver additional relevant and valid information to the stakeholders, in terms of auditor’s specific audit responsibilities and tasks. The external auditor’s favorable comments will surely encourage the investors, community leaders, creditors, customers, and other affected stakeholders to invest or enter into any relevant business transaction with the company. In this regard, the IFAC accounting board is

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1933 - Essay Example Prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities (Sec, 2011). The following year the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was created. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 gives the SEC power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies as well as the nation's securities self regulatory organizations (SROs) (Sec, 2011). Both these Acts worked as control mechanisms that ensure the market works properly. The consumer of financial instruments needed an agency to properly regulate the market. References Sec.gov (2011). Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml#secexact1934. Sec.gov (2011). The Laws that Govern the Securities Industry: Securities Act of 1933. Retrieved November 16, 2011 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml. DQ2 At the beginning of the 21st century after decades of a bull market in which people believed on Wall Street the financi al industry was devastated by a series of financial scandals including Adelphia, Tyco, WorldCom and the infamous Enron debacle. The U.S. Congress acted quickly in relative terms and by 2002 they formulated a new legislation called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX). SOX had a very positive impact on the market because it was effective at raising the confidence of the consumers of financial instruments. ... Corrupt executive managers including CEOs, Controllers, and CFO now face up to 25 years in prison for their crimes. White collar criminals are going to be judged as severely as hard core criminals such as murders, thieves, and drug dealers. One of the cons of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is that it costs several million dollars to implement the regulations. Public companies have been complaining for years about the excessive costs of implementation of the Act. 3. I like your perspective about the importance of the Securities Act of 1933 and 1934. I personally believed that these acts came after the government realized that the market crash on 1929 needed to be prevented from occurring again. It took 58 years for another market crash of similar magnitude to occur. In 1987 Wall Street was devastated by its biggest one day down in value since Black Tuesday. The government always seems to react to news affecting the market. In 2002 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created based on a reaction to a se ries of economic scandals including Enron and WorldCom. 4. You are correct in your asseveration that War Times influence the marketplace. This many be true, but if you think about history is repeating itself. The United States has been at war with Iraq and Afghanistan for nearly a decade with no end in sight. The recession of 2008 occur while the U.S was at war. The U.S. is spending over $100 billion each year in war, while its citizens are suffering in a horrible economy where nearly 1 out of 10 people are unemployed. 5. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was created as a direct consequence of Enron and a series of other financial scandals including WorldCom, Tyco, and Adelphia. It is my opinion that despite the high cost of implementation the Sarbanes

Ethical Principle Essay Example for Free

Ethical Principle Essay Ethical principles have a huge portion in the impact of intentional or assisted euthanasia. Beneficence according to Beauchamp states, â€Å"compassion; taking positive action to help others; desire to do good; are core principle of our patient advocacy† (Beauchamp,2009,p38). The value of beneficence simply states to do good to achieve the best possible outcome. For example, medical research is expanding and exploring numerous cures for diseases that are causing harm to people. Doctors that are approving euthanasia are because of empathy and kindness for the patient. The doctors and physicians are trying to do good for the patient by performing euthanasia because they know the prognoses is poor and the medical treatment won’t cure the disease. Utilitarianism theory can also be applied to the situation, â€Å"this theory supports what is best for most people. The value of the act is determined by its usefulness, with the main emphasis on the outcome or consequences†(American Nursing Association). In other words, the greatest value for all, is the selection that is morally accurate. For example, some patients support active euthanasia because it ends the suffering of the person. The choice to end life in return brings the great happiness for large amount of people. The autonomy theory states, â€Å"Agreements to respect right to self determine is a course of action and support of independent decision making†. (Beauchamp,2009 p.38). People should have their own choice to make decision for themselves when it involves their lifeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s. If the member is unable to make his or her needs known, an inform consent or power of attorney should be made before hand of the patient wishes. The ethical theory such as deontology mentions, people should abide to their task and obligations when review an ethical dilemma. Reference Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2009). Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed., pp. 38-39). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. American Nurses Association. Retrieved from website: http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/Resources/Ethics-Definitions.pdf

Humorous Wedding Speech Delivered at a Golf Club :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech Delivered at a Golf Club Firstly, I would like to thank Nick for his kind words on behalf of the bridesmaids and anyone else he mentioned. While I’m on the subject of gratitude, thanks also to Elite Golf Club and all the workers for a wonderful spread. Any chance of a golf membership? Laughter Before getting into things, I must say what a truly wonderful wedding it's been so far. Pretty church, glamorous cars, glorious flowers, magnificent food, a beautiful bride and an average groom. Naturally, Nick didn’t want any of this expense though. Being an accountant, his original idea for the dinner today was to pick up several family buckets from Kentucky Fried Chicken. He also suggested to Shimona that they have the ceremony at the PB garage to save on a camera man. But Nick's really quite well off you know, but this is the closest you’ll get to him boasting about it. In fact, you could spend the whole night in the pub with him and not realize he has a penny to his name. I don't know if you have noticed, but Nick has had actually had his suit specially designed for today, featuring shortened arms and extra-deep pockets. Laughter That’s the last of the accountant jokes †¦ I think the facts speak for themselves. In any case, I don’t think it’s valid to bunch all accountants into stereotypes †¦ Nick, for example, is a monotype! And I first met him at a party one New Years Eve, where a game was organized that required us to pair up and get into teams. Wanting to win the prize of four cans of lager - quite a trophy when you were sixteen - I approached the most athletic and intelligent guy there. But Keith Fletcher was already paired up, so I had to settle for Nick. And no, we didn't win the lager, but it didn't stop us from being pals ever since. He’ll be the first to admit that he’s never been the sportiest of blokes as doing any form of exercise seems to bring on a headache. But he does enjoy the odd game of badminton and is very keen on football, rather than play though, he prefers to stay in and watch games on the telly (TV). He loves watching the soap operas as well. In fact, if it wasn't for Emmerdale he’d hardly get any fresh air at all.

Hindrance to Effective Communication Essay

New technology such as smart phones should be a great asset and a powerful aid to helping us work more efficiently. We can respond to urgent emails on the go, refer to useful websites and look up quick facts. However, these gadgets, as well helping us, can also prove to be a hindrance providing information overload and constant interruptions. We receive so many emails and are exposed to so much information that it can be hard to distil what is actually important and what isn’t. We fill our brains with clutter and lose the ability to focus on our priorities and spend our time responding to trivial emails. We think we are multi-tasking but actually we are becoming less productive. We read each email but don’t always process the information we need. As a result, we risk irritating the sender by asking them to remind us what they said or to send the email again. More worryingly, we allow ourselves to be distracted from more important tasks by the seeming urgency of each email that comes in. This information overload doesn’t only impact the way we process information ourselves but can also have a negative impact on the way others perceive us. It is all too easy to give the impression that you are not listening to the other person. It can be quite obvious even on the telephone that you are distracted by your inbox rather than giving the speaker your full attention. In a face-to-face meeting, of course, it is only too apparent when the person you are talking to is distracted by their smart phone rather than focusing on the content of the meeting. In the past several years, texting and instant messaging have become phenomena that few of us have been able to escape. Though most popular with the younger generations, it is becoming increasingly common to see people of all ages absorbed in silent conversations on their cell phones. The availability of constant, instant communication makes many people feel connected to their friends in ways they never were before. But do these printed messages and instant responses help or hinder us socially? The instant messaging fad brought abbreviations such as â€Å"LOL† (Laugh Out Loud) and â€Å"BRB† (Be Right Back) into our language as commonly accepted â€Å"words.† The younger generations chatted happily in this new â€Å"language† while everyone else struggled to understand what â€Å"BTW† (By the Way) and â€Å"IDK† (I Don’t Know) meant. This phenomenon spread over into texting as children as young as five received the latest models of cell phones to communicate with their friends and family. Though everyone with a cell phone is clearly well-connected to other people, the question remains whether engaging in such constant, abbreviated communication is a help or a hindrance in personal relationship skills. Over the past decade there has been a dramatic difference in the attitudes and communication styles of the younger generations, but how much of this change has been compounded by the lack of face to face communication advocated by the texting craze? There is no way to tell for certain whether texting and instant messaging have actually caused the breakdown of one-on-one, face-to-face communication with people, but I believe it has not helped. Instead of using cell phones as a mere communication tool, many young people view them as a necessity they could not possibly live without. We have all seen people glued to their phones, their fingers flying over the keys as they stand in line at the store, or are walk down the mall, and even frighteningly enough, while they are driving. In one case, a pair of girls walking together in the mall admitted that they were texting each other! I have even been engaged in a conversation with someone when they whipped out their phone to send a text message to someone else! Is this the kind of society we are encouraging by allowing young people to be so dependent on their phones? A society where face to face communication all but ceases to exist in place of disembodied text messages, even when the person you are talking to is standing beside you? It may be true that the people sending and receiving those text messages are communicating with each other, but what does it say to the people who are actually physically around them? What happened to the days when you could walk through the store and complete strangers would smile and greet you as you passed? Have the basic societal manners of years gone by disappeared for good? Using cell phones to talk or text is not a bad thing in itself. However, it is my opinion that certain rules of etiquette should be applied when using them in order to maintain a respectful relationship with everyone you are in contact with. Being glued to your cell phone puts off a very distinct signal that you are unavailable and unapproachable to everyone around you. If you text a friend while talking to someone else you are telling the person in front of you that the friend is more important than they are. Bad grammar and spelling are also compounded by electronic communication. Constantly using abbreviations and fragments in instant communication ingrains these bad habits into a person. English teachers have always struggled to encourage correct spelling and grammar in their students. Now, with texting and instant messaging becoming so prevalent, their jobs are that much harder. And it is not just in the classroom where spelling and grammar have fallen by the wayside. Businesses who are interested in maintaining a high level of professionalism are often hard-pressed to find applicants who can spell, speak, and write properly. So, what can we do to help those people who are addicted to their phones remember that there is more to life than texting and instant messaging? I believe that parents should try to encourage their teenagers to talk on the phone for long conversations, rather than texting back and forth 500 times. Doing so will help teens develop real conversation skills which are not possible in the lingo of texting. Also, everyone should be encouraged to give their full attention to the person they are talking to. If you are engaged in a conversation with someone who starts texting some0one else, kindly ask them to finish talking with you first. If they refuse, simply walk away. I have used this method myself very effectively. Usually, if the person cares about you at all, they will realize how rude their behavior is. So, is texting and instant messaging a help or a hindrance? I believe it is both. Texting and instant messaging can be wonderful forms of communication when implemented correctly, but they can also be abused and have adverse effects. People of all ages need to realize that moderation is the key when using alternate forms of communication. By understanding when these forms are appropriate and when they are not, people can gain valuable communication skills, be more likely to absorb correct spelling and grammar principles, be more productive in the business world and appear far more approachable to the world in general. Since society as a whole is becoming increasingly dependent on the instant communication provided by cell phones, I believe that we must all do what we can to engage in respectful behavior ourselves and encourage it in others. Excellent communication, proper grammar and spelling do not have to be things of ages past. With a little effort and encouragement we can all help ensure that these important values of yesteryears are around for future generations. Texting is the preferred method of communication for young people. According to an article by Mike Flacy, DigitalTrends, â€Å"One in ten young adults between the ages of 18 to 24 report that they send or receive at least 200 text messages per day (approximately 6,000 messages per month). The next age group, 25-34 year olds, typically average about 42 texts per day and this trend continues to decrease down to about 5 texts a day for the 65 and older group.† 200 text messages per day? Do they have time to do anything else in life? Will these young adults get carpal tunnel syndrome of the thumbs? Do you prefer to text rather than talk? According to the survey, â€Å"Most people are too occupied and busy in today’s world that they hardly get enough time to have an elaborated conversation on phone, and hence prefer to communicate via text.† I can see the attraction to texting, however I do like to hear a person’s voice. The emotions and flavor of the conversation can be misunderstood more easily through texting. After all, you can’t hear the sighs and laughter while texting. Yes, you can text little acronyms like â€Å"LOL† and put little smiley faces in your text, but sarcasm and irony are lost in texting. I do like to get little morning text messages from my friends far away, and it is how I communicate with my son most of the time. But I would have to say, my preferred method of communication is voice or Skype. With texting taking over, hands-free devices are even more important. Many of the Smartphones have the capability of translating voice into text to send text messages without typing. A good quality Bluetooth headset with noise canceling makes this process much better. Do you have a Bluetooth mobile headset? I have a Droid X, which is a bit cumbersome to hold up to your ear to talk. I love having my Bluetooth headset to use, especially for multitasking around the house while talking on the phone. And of course with more and more states requiring hands-free devices while driving, a good headset is essential. Do you have one? What’s your favorite? Meanwhile, don’t get into any thumb wrestling contest with anyone under 30 years of age. You KNOW their thumbs are agile and strong from texting a bazillion words per minute.

Science Assignment

To investigate whether the ripening of bananas will speed up when placed with already ripe bananas in a brown paper bag. Hypothesis: The brown paper bag and already ripe bananas will ripen the unripe banana quicker. Investigation Design: The control of the experiment will be a pair of two unripe bananas which will not have any interference with their natural ripening process until the end of the experiment. The independent variable will be the presence of ripe bananas in one scenario, as well as a brown paper bag in the second scenario. The dependent variable will be the ripening of the banana.Everything else, the room temperature, type of banana, etc, will remain common to ensure the experiment is valid and reliable. To increase reliability, the experiment should be repeated. Method: 1 . Collect six unripe bananas, four ripe bananas and a brown paper bag 2. Set one pair of unripe bananas on a bench/table 3. Set down a pair of unripe bananas as well as a pair of ripe bananas, alongsi de the first pair, making sure they are at least 1 Com away from the first pair 4. Set down the remaining four bananas (two ripe, two unripe) another Com away from the previous bunch; place these in a brown paper bag. 5.Take photos of each of your three bunches, separately 6. Record your observations in a table 7. Wait a day before repeating step 5 and 6. 8. Repeat step 7 until all bananas are ripe. Risk Assessment: Be careful where you Step, there may be bananas on the floor, or other obstacles. Be careful with the paper bag, this is to avoid paper cuts. The main component of the experiment is edible; keep family members and other observers away! Results: Daly – Friday 14th June Bananas were purchased and the experiment was set up. The ripe bananas came from the same hand, as did the unripe ones. The experiment will be conducted indoors.Day 2 – Saturday 15th June The unripe bananas in all three bunches have shown a slight change in color, they are becoming more yellow . The lone pair of unripe bananas are very slightly behind the other 2 bunches. Day 3 – Sunday 1 6th June Both bunches of bananas that weren't in the brown paper bag showed that they did ripen. The bunch of bananas in the brown paper bag did show a slight, but certain, difference to the others, they are ripening quicker. Day 4 – Monday 17th June The difference between the bunch in the brown bag and the other 2 bunches is starting to become more noticeable, although this is only by close analysis. Front, they are still all fairly alike. Day 5- Tuesday 1 8th June The brown bag bananas have shown a massive difference in their ends, not so much their middle parts. The others are ripening too, but not at the same rate. Day 6 – Wednesday 19th June The lone bananas are ripening naturally and are now a satisfying yellow. The mix of ripe and unripe bananas is very slightly more yellow than the first bunch. The bunch from inside the bag is ripe too, with the already ripe bananas beginning to rot. Day 7 – Thursday 20th June Within the week, the plain bananas have ripened quite well to produce a well pipe and ready to eat fruit.The next set of bananas is just as ripe; with the originally ripe bananas starting to rot (this may be simply due to natures course). The bunch from the bag are definitely more yellow, with the originally ripe bananas getting quite a few brown marks to show the beginning of them rotting. Day of Observation Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Bunch 1 (2 unripe bananas) Green (no change) Green slight yellow tinge Green -> yellow tinge Green -> almost completely yellow Green yellow except for each end Green yellow Green -> completely yellow Bunch 2 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas)Green and yellow (no change) -Green -s slightest tinge -Yellow haven't changed -Green -> yellow tinge -Green -> almost completely yellow -Yellow are becoming a darker shade of yellow -Green yellow except for each end -Yellow are slowly browning -Green -> yellow -Green completely yellow -Yellow are beginning to show brown dots Bunch 3 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas in a brown paper bag) -Green slight yellow tinge -Green almost completely yellow -Yellow are not beginning to brown -Green yellow except for tiny part on each end -Yellow are browning -Green yellow -Yellow are beginning to rot -Green completely bright yellow Yellow are now major brown and rotten Research and Analysis: RESEARCH When bananas are harvested they are placed in a ‘ripening room' to replicate the climate conditions of heat and humidity. These conditions are constant, much like those of my experiment. Due to the set temperature of these rooms, the bananas start to respire. The ethylene given off by bananas, as well as other fruits, helps to kick start the ripening process. This is somewhat like my experiment in the sense that the brown paper bag was holding the ethylene in. This ethylene may have also effected the second bunch, although to as much be cause they did not have a bag to confine the ethylene in. The natural ethylene of bananas is the same as the ethylene artificially produced in these ‘ripening rooms.To delay ripening may remove ethylene gas, which cannot be completely done as they do contain ethylene. Placing a banana alone may help support the delay of ripening it; this is much like bunch 1 in my experiment. Even though it was indoors, the varying temperature made the ripening process differ to that of a temperature controlled room. Although this may replicate bananas ripening in a natural way to an extent. ANALYSIS Strengths: The experiment contained a control which helped with comparisons. All the controlled variables were kept the same. The 3 bunches allowed more conclusions to be made about the effects of not only a brown paper bag, but also the presence of other bananas.The photos were taken at the same time of day, to increase reliability of results. Weaknesses: Naturally, bananas ripen under sunlight, which we did not carry out. Only color, not taste, was assessed as an indicator of ripeness. The bananas may not have been sufficiently spaced to properly isolate them from each others' paving off of ethylene gas. Comments: The already ripe bananas showed a more noticeable change, which was not expected. The bananas ripened quicker than expected, which made the experiment have a shorter duration time. The difference between the three different bunches was not as significant as I expected. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis, and the research also backs up this.

International Treaties and Emirati Law

International Treaties and Emirati Law With the development of the UAE, put connections with other countries on the front burner and attracted the attention of numerous professionals. Emirati Law considers international treaties according to the statements from the Constitution and main legislation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Treaties and Emirati Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Constitution treats international relations in different perspectives. It is stated that the Supreme Council of the Union is responsible for â€Å"the ratification of treaties and international agreements† (â€Å"United Arab Emiratess Constitution† 10). In this way, all treaties and agreements cannot be implemented without a special decree made by its representatives. The person that represents the country in international relations is the President (according to the article 54) but the Council of Ministers is in charge of â€Å"supervisin g the implementation of judgments rendered by Union Law Courts and of international treaties and agreements concluded by the Union† (â€Å"United Arab Emiratess Constitution† 14). It is stated in the article 91 that the Government shall inform the Union Assembly of â€Å"international treaties and agreements concluded with other states and the various international organizations, together with appropriate explanations† (Khedr and Alnuaimi para. 23). According to Emirati Law, any international treaty should be evaluated to get to know how it will affect the country before it is accepted so that the adverse influence can be avoided. The implementation depends on the decisions made by the Governments and is affected by local regulations. The Supreme Council also shares power with the Council of Ministers. It has a right to approve international treaties and agreement. It is critical that delegation of ratification can be maintained only by the Supreme Council while all other bodies that hold power related to international treaties are to take immediate actions (Abed 135). Abed, Ibrahim. The Historical Background and Constitutional Basis to the Federation. 2006. PDF file. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Khedr, Ahmed, and Alnuaimi, Bassam. A Guide to United Arab Emirates Legal System. n.d. Web. https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/United_Arab_Emirates.html. United Arab Emiratess Constitution 2004. PDF file. 13 Feb. 2016. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/United_Arab_Emirates_2004.pdf.

Cómo completar las planillas de Inmigración

Cà ³mo completar las planillas de Inmigracià ³n Las peticiones al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Naturalizacià ³n (USCIS, siglas en inglà ©s), se hacen rellenando la planilla correspondiente al beneficio que se solicita. Cà ³mo obtener las planillas de Inmigracià ³n Los formularios para solicitar beneficios migratorios son gratuitos. Casi todos pueden encontrarse en internet en la pgina del USCIS. Adems, las personas que residen en Estados Unidos pueden tambià ©n solicitar por internet en la pgina de USCIS que se les envà ­en por correo ordinario los formularios. Tambià ©n se puede realizar la misma solicitud marcando al 1-800-870-3676. Es requisito saber quà © nà ºmero de formulario es el que precisa. En un plazo de 10 dà ­as se recibir en casa la planilla solicitada. Todos los formularios se pueden rellenar en papel y, algunos, tambià ©n pueden ser completados y/o enviados por internet. 9 tips para rellenar las planillas en papel de Inmigracià ³n Las reglas generales que deben seguirse son las siguientes: Escribir con tinta negra, preferentemente en letras mayà ºsculas y que puedan fcilmente leerse. Para espacio adicional, si para contestar a alguna pregunta de la planilla se necesita ms espacio, tomar una hoja en blanco y seguir con la respuesta. Adems, firmar esa hoja, ponerle fecha, y el nà ºmero de la pregunta que se est respondiendo. En el caso de que se tenga un nà ºmero del alien registration number, deber tambià ©n incluirse en dicha hoja adicional. Cuando una pregunta no aplique, responder N/A y cuando la respuesta correcta sea â€Å"ninguno†, anotar NONE. Pero no dejar en blanco ese espacio. Para adjuntar la documentacià ³n adicional, como pueden ser pasaportes, tarjetas de residencia, certificados de matrimonio, calificaciones escolares o profesionales, etc. Salvo que se especifique otra cosa, es suficiente adjuntar una fotocopia legible de los documentos. Es recomendable leer con detenimiento las instrucciones de cada formulario. Cabe destacar que si no es necesario enviar el original de un documento pero se envà ­a, USCIS no lo regresa. Debe traducirse al inglà ©s todo documentos que està © en otro idioma. En la mayorà ­a de los casos, no es necesario contratar a un traductor jurado, ni obtener la Apostilla de la Haya ni la firma de un notario pà ºblico. Como regla general, es suficiente que la traduccià ³n la realice una persona con buen conocimiento de los dos idiomas y que asà ­ lo certifique siguiendo este modelo de carta. El pago puede hacerse por money order o cheque o tarjeta de dà ©bito o crà ©dito. En este à ºltimo caso, solo si se envà ­a una solicitud a un lockbox de USCIS. En algunos casos, como en la solicitud I-131A de aplicacià ³n de documento para viajar, es posible pagar online. Si se paga mediante money order o cheque, debe ser pagable a U.S. Department of Homeland Security, por una cantidad en dà ³lares y el cheque o la money order debe ser de un banco radicado en Estados Unidos. Es muy importante no utilizar iniciales. Es decir, no escribir cosas como DHS o USCIS.   Precisamente la verificacià ³n de que se ha efectuado el pago es una de las primeras seà ±ales de que la oficina de inmigracià ³n ha recibido la peticià ³n. Si se desea pagar con una tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito Visa, MasterCard, American Express o Discovery debe completarse el formulario G-1450. Si cuando USCIS intenta cobrar no hay fondos suficientes, se rechazar la solicitud ya que no intentar el cobro una segunda vez. Para pagar con tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito debe tratarse de una peticià ³n o solicitud enviada a un lockbox de USCIS. Como ejemplo de dichas peticiones destacan I-130 para peticià ³n de familiar, I-485 para ajuste de estatus, N-400 para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n, etc. Todos los documentos deben firmarse, se puede firmar en tinta azul o negra. Pero recordar que el formulario solo se puede completar en tinta de color negra. Bajo ningà ºn concepto utilizar colores tipo verde, rojo, etc., ya que la peticià ³n ser rechazada. Verificar si se califica para no pagar la tarifa  al USCIS. En casos muy especà ­ficos, puede solicitarse a USCIS no pagar por la cuota de una solicitud cuando pueda alegarse problemas econà ³micos y se estn recibiendo beneficios como Medicaid, cupones de alimentos (SNAP), SSI o TANF. Mentir en una planilla para obtener un beneficio migratorio es un fraude de ley que puede tener  consecuencias graves. Planillas que pueden rellenarse electrà ³nicamente El USCIS permite que se completen por internet ciertas planillas en lo que se conoce como e-filing. Entre las planillas que pueden rellenarse electrà ³nicamente destacan el AR-11 para notificar el cambio de domicilio, el I-90 para reemplazar la tarjeta de residencia, el N-400 para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n o el N-600 para la aplicacià ³n de la emisià ³n del Certificado de Ciudadanà ­a. Para completar de este modo las planillas ser necesario crearse previamente una cuenta en la pgina web del USCIS y seguir las instrucciones pertinentes para cada formulario. En estos casos de e-filing, el pago por la solicitud a la que se aplica puede hacerse mediante tarjeta de crà ©dito, dà ©bito o transferencia bancaria desde una cuenta corriente o de ahorro. Al acabar de rellenar el formulario se recibir una confirmacià ³n de que el USCIS ha recibido la aplicacià ³n. En esa confirmacià ³n aparecer una direccià ³n. Debe enviarse a dicha direccià ³n la documentacià ³n adicional que se necesita en los 7 dà ­as siguientes a haber rellenado la solicitud por internet. Estos documentos que deben adjuntarse estn los que prueban la identidad de la persona que realiza la peticià ³n y tambià ©n su derecho al beneficio que solicita. Por ejemplo, copia de la tarjeta de residencia o de un certificado de nacimiento o matrimonio. El tipo de documentacià ³n adicional depende del tipo de solicitud. En general, ser suficiente una fotocopia legible del documento que se solicita y, si algà ºn documento est en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, enviarlo traducido. Adems hay que incluir como primera pgina la pgina en la que se ha imprimido la confirmacià ³n de haber realizado la peticià ³n por internet –sà ³lo esa hoja, no copias de toda la solicitud. En los casos en los que tambià ©n se deba enviar fotografà ­as en color tipo pasaporte, estas deben reunir los mismos requisitos que las fotos que se piden cuando se solicita una visa o pasaporte. Deben de tener menos de 30 dà ­as y anotar en el reverso con un lpiz el nà ºmero de confirmacià ³n de la solicitud rellenada por internet y, en los casos en los que sea necesario, el nà ºmero que corresponda al alien registration number. Si no se envà ­an estos documentos, es posible que se cancele la peticià ³n. En algunos casos, se recibir una cara de Peticià ³n de Evidencia (RFE, siglas en inglà ©s) pidiendo la documentacià ³n y fijando un plazo para no enviarla. Sin esos documentos no se tramitar la peticià ³n y se perder el dinero ya abonado. Asesorà ­a para completar las planillas de Inmigracià ³n Si se desea obtener un beneficio migratorio es muy importante estar correctamente asesorado con un buen abogado. Si no se puede pagar, existen organizaciones reputadas que brindan ayuda para llenar los formularios migratorios. En el caso de ser mexicano, se puede llamar a un telà ©fono de consulta donde dan buenas referencias sobre donde buscar ayuda para estos casos. Cà ³mo seguir un caso migratorio Una vez que el USCIS recibe la papelerà ­a, la persona interesada tiene a su disposicià ³n distintas  maneras para informarse de cà ³mo va el caso, desde marcando a seguimiento online o a presentarse en una oficina migratoria. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que los formularios tienen un tiempo de tramitacià ³n que depende de su categorà ­a y de la oficina que debe tramitarlo. USCIS no dar ninguna informacià ³n mientras no llega el tiempo de procesamiento porque, sencillamente, no tiene nada de lo que brindar informacià ³n. Puntos Clave: rellenar formularios de USCIS Los formularios de USCIS pueden obtenerse gratuitamente en la pgina oficial del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n.Los formularios pueden ser en papel y, en algunas solicitudes, es posible utilizar el sistema e-filing, es decir, solicitar un beneficio o presentar una peticià ³n por internet.Todos los formularios deben firmarse.Los formularios en papel deben completarse en tinta negra, escribir N/A como respuesta a las preguntas que no aplican y NONE cuando la respuesta sea ninguno.Pueden aà ±adirse hojas en blanco para incorporar ms informacià ³n.Toda la documentacià ³n adjunta debe traducirse al inglà ©s, si estuviera en un idioma distintoEn principio, no debe enviarse documentacià ³n original y es suficiente copia legible.Puede pagarse con money order, cheque o tarjeta de crà ©dito o dà ©bito.Mentir en un formulario de USCIS para obtener un beneficio migratorio es un fraude de ley, el cual tiene consecuencias graves. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Definition of Family Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Family - Research Paper Example Lastly, he acknowledged adoptive parents and homosexual partners with or without children as a family. The definitions given have a lot in common. All the respondents recognize that a family must have parents and their children. Respondent A, for example, identified a father, mother, and children as the core members of the family. Similar sentiments were given by respondents B and C who viewed the union of parents and children as the family. Another similarity in their definitions was the concept of people with shared interests coming together to form a family. It is common to hear religious groups refer themselves as families because the members aim to worship and do things that please their creator. Apart from respondent A, the other two did not echo the idea of relatives as part of the family. Although the extended family comprises of relatives, the two respondents chose to omit them in their definitions. Respondent C said homosexual partners also qualify to be a family. The other respondents had no idea of gay and lesbian families.I define family as the basic social group that comprises of parents and their children or people with shared values and dwell in the same place. According to Eggenberger et al. (2006), a family is a significant social unit that acts as the foundation of society and its cultures. The journal supports my definition because a family is the basis of a community. Family networks help connect different people to form a society with shared values.

Safety management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety management - Assignment Example Similar form of laws and regulations regarding worker’s compensation were created through the Code of Hammurabi (Guyton, 1999). Similarly, ancient Roman and Greek dynasties even enacted several similar laws to compensate workers for their injuries incurred on the job. These laws experienced a setback in the region of Europe as feudalism was practiced there. Under feudalism, the decision of whether to compensate or not and how much to compensate for worker’s injuries was dependant on the feudal lords. In the initial period of Industrialization workers were allowed to sue their employers for injuries experienced while on the job and these law suits were fell in the category of civil lawsuits. During this period, employers and employees use to reach an agreement regarding the amount of compensation that was needed to be paid to the employer, but if both parties used to fail to reach any agreements, then employee had the option of filing a civil lawsuit. Laws for workers’ compensation that were formal in nature were first introduced in the shape of sickness and accident laws and regulations and these laws were passed in the region of Germany during 1884. Formalization of workers’ compensation rules were enacted in the region of England during 1897 and US followed their pursuit after witnessing the various benefits attained from such laws and these laws were limited to employees who were working at the federal level (Guyton, 1999). Later during the period of 1911, Wisco nsin created workers’ compensation laws for the state and this system has become the base stone of workers’ compensation laws practiced today (Guyton, 1999). The ideology of laws coined by Wisconsin was to provide compensation to workers for injuries in a timely manner based on the severity of the injury and another purpose served by this system was to limit the liability of the employers. Similar to the laws created by Wisconsin, other states

European Convention on Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example The convention enumerated the Human Rights under Section I as article 2. Right to life; Article 3 Prohibition of torture ; Prohibition of slavery and forced labor; Article 5 Right to liberty and security; Article 6 Right to a fair trial; Article 7 No punishment without law; Article 8 Right to respect for private and family life; Article 9 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion; Article 10 Freedom of expression; Article 11 Freedom of assembly and association; Article 12 Right to marry; Article 14 Prohibition of discrimination; Article 15 Derogation in time of emergency; Article 16 Restrictions on political activity of aliens; Article 17 Prohibition of abuse of rights; Article 18 Limitation on use of restrictions on rights Section III and article 19 of the convention provides for establishment European Commission of Human Rights also known as Commission and European Court of Human Rights, which are the watch dogs protecting these rights. Committee of Ministers executes orders of the court. The court not only adjudicates the issues but also renders advisory opinions. Any dispute with regard to the violation these rights are first to be dealt by the local judicial/quasi judicial agencies. After the exhausting those remedies they are referred to the Commission through Secretary-General of the Council of Europe. The commission when receives any complaint/petition investigate the matter and endeavor for amicable settlement. If the commission not able to dispose of the case it will refer to Committee of Ministers who will peruse the case and refer to the European Court of Human Rights if it is fit case to be decided by the court. The convention empowers the court to make the rules and regulations for its day-to-day functioning. The court functions as per the rules and regulation so framed. After adjudication the case will be sends to Committee of Ministers for execution of its adjudicated orders. The judgment of the court is final. The courts entertain petitions/complaints only from the commission or High Contracting Parties. The jurisdiction is exte nded to all cases with regard to interpretation and application of the convention, excluding the question relating to scope or contents of freedoms and rights defined in Section I. Such cases are to be referred by either the commission or High Contracting Parties, the court do not have suo moto jurisdiction. Due to subtle and creative interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights the European Convention of Human Rights is steadily evolving since its inception. And the court is continuously succeeding in preserving the value of the Convention (ECHR) as living instrument. The success of the Convention is judged on the basis of 1. Quality of judgment of the court. 2.the time taken to dispose off the cases and 3.effective execution of the judgments. Every year the number of cases are increasing at galloping rate. In spite of such increase the Court efficiently disposed off the cases at a quicker rate. Out of those judgments there are many important judgments, which brought drastic changes in the judiciary of the many European countries. The court has become a guiding light in protecting the Human Rights. The Court become instrumental in getting the law of the European countries on mainstream of the Convention law in protecting and maintaining the human rights. There are many citable

Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics in the Developing World

Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics in the Developing World Ethical Issues of Clinical Ethics And Research Ethics In The Developing World And Pakistan: Is There Any Solution? Zoheb Rafique Abstract: Health research plays an important role in addressing the inequities in human development and health, but in order to achieve these objectives, research should be based on ethical principles and sound scientific knowledge. Although it is accepted fact that bioethics play a pivotal role in health related research in the developing countries, much of recent debate has focused on the controversies surrounding internationally sponsored research and it has taken place largely without the adequate participation of developing countries. The relationship between the ethical guidelines and regulations, and also indigenously/locally sponsored and public health research is not adequately explored and so needs further exploration. Discussion Globally, there are wide inequalities in the economic development, in health outcomes, in burden of diseases and it is certain that the accelerating course towards globalization, without requisite safeguards and the protection of human rights, will only worsen the health inequalities. The funding of research in the developing countries has been the subject and debate of much attention recently. The forum for global health research has indicated that less than 10 % of the world’s research resources are earmarked for 90 % of the health problems. Recently, there was considerable debate regarding ethical conduct and the reviewing of health related research, but this debate has mostly taken place among the bioethicists and researchers in the industrialized countries. The view points of public health researchers and practitioners from the developing countries have been underrepresented. Research needs to respond to the community needs and also national priorities, and development of a national research agenda in the developing countries must be firmly grounded in the process of priority setting. However a more difficult challenge is to involve communities themselves in the research questions and to link their research to their development. Pakistan, being a poor country, has very limited health care resources. Treatment options for individual patients and between patients for free and subsidized treatments are common ethical dilemmas. Thus, prioritizing illnesses and people is an enormous ethical challenge and a very common part of every day medical practice in Pakistan. A review of published discourse on ethics in Pakistan reveals several general trends. These include a focus on ‘medicine’ as defined by formal western medical practice, delivered by physicians only. There is no pursuit of ethics as a focus of the work of other health professionals. The physician-authors of papers, the types of journals where papers have been published, and the phy sician dominant mode of health care, especially curative health care, in Pakistan make this understandable. Research ethics have not been captured in the published papers in Pakistan. This is an area of great importance that has escaped notice of the national thinkers and policy-makers. The conduct of appropriate and ethical research in international settings has been the focus of recent international reports. Ethical review committees, institutional review boards, and other national mechanisms to protect human subjects need to be discussed and put into place in Pakistan, as may be the case in other developing countries. Additional work is required to explore this important area within the context of the developing world. (1). The vital links between clinical and research ethics and human rights are perhaps of even greater significance in developing countries, where human rights are frequently ignored and violated. Conducting research in hierarchical, traditional countries such as P akistan adds yet another dimension to the difficulties in assuring that it is done in an ethical manner; an â€Å"indigenous† layer of cultural norms makes it even more of an uphill task, but it is a task that we are morally bound to shoulder. The historical and social construct of the Pakistan culture, the socioeconomic realities (with similarities to other countries in this region) and some of the deeply rooted values and customs pose challenges that are specific to this part of the world. We who live here know them, and only we can address them. Perhaps the most important factor that places human subjects at risk in this part of the world is the magnification of â€Å"power differentials† inherent in hierarchical societies such as Pakistan. This difference is particularly pronounced in the interactions between physicians and scientists and those they take care of or enroll in research projects. In Pakistan, scientists and physicians constitute the â€Å"elite† section of society. They are by and large the â€Å"English-Speaking†, affluent, highly educated minority in a society where the majority of those they deal with in their professional lives are â€Å"Urdu-Speaking†, poor, generally illiterate or misinformed and disadvantaged in many other ways. (2). Local researchers trained within the country have no concept of research ethics. There is a growing awareness that research cannot progress without better research ethics systems in developing countries. At the close of the last century several of the international agencies involved in funding health research, including WHO, tried to seriously examine the role of health research as an important contributor to sustainable human development. They also attempted to assess how governance of research at national, regional and global levels be made more effective and efficient. Ethical practice in health care and research is not only needed to ensure equity in health care and r esearch, but also to project individuals and communities from unnecessary risks and harm. (3).We can make clinical research more ethical in Pakistan by following all the International guidelines regarding clinical research ethics. Health research can play a crucial role in improving national and global health by developing and evaluating interventions and by exploring strategies that can empower individuals to alter unhealthy behaviors. However, health research involves human subjects and such individuals might be harmed by their participation in research. Accordingly, a strong system of ethical review is needed to enhance the protections of the rights and welfare of human subjects. Also, to enhance the public trust in research activities, investigators need to subscribe to a strict code of ethics that equals the highest standard of respect for human rights. This framework thus places ethics at the very core of a country’s programs for health and development. (4). There are f ive key ethical principles of ethical research that appear across the ethical codes of research institutions and associations. These are a) informed and voluntary consent; b) confidentiality of information shared; c) anonymity of research participants; d) beneficence or no harm to participants; and e) reciprocity. Researchers are expected to obtain informed consent from all those who are directly involved in research or in the vicinity of research. This principle adheres to a larger issue of respect to the participants so that they are not coerced into participation and have access to relevant information prior to the consent. Usually consent is obtained through written consent forms, and necessary elements of consent are identified by the review committees. These usually include prior information on key elements of research such as purpose, procedures, time period, risks, benefits, and a clause stipulating that participation is voluntary and the participants have the right to withd raw from the study. The principles of confidentiality of information shared and Anonymity of Research participants is also concerned with offering respect and protection to research participants through assurance of confidentiality of information shared and anonymity by not revealing the identity of the individuals and institutions involved. Typically anonymity is provided through the use of pseudonyms. The principles of Nonmaleficence, Beneficence and Reciprocity bounds the researchers to provide the participants with an outline of the risks and benefits involved to the participants in the study. The principle of reciprocity requires that the researchers consider actively ways through which participants could be compensated for their time and effort. Typically information about risks and benefits are expected to be provided in summary in the consent form and/or in a brief write up attached with the consent form. These principles and procedures of an ethical engagement with a resear ch study are laid out with the best of intentions to protect participants from malpractices and breach of ethics. However, the approach is taken from a mainly clinical medical research perspective with a concomitant view of epistemology and ontology. Hence, it is assumed that there is a well stated hypothesis which is to be tested, the relationship between the researcher and researched is clearly divided and bounded, and it is possible to outline the potential risks and benefits in some detail prior to the study. (5).The two salient concerns of public-health ethics in our Pakistan case are social justice as a background motivation and accountability as the primary operational objective. The formation of Pakistan’s NBC resulted from PMRC’s active involvement in documenting the under-distribution of global health research benefits to populations in LMICs (low and middle income countries). While this disparity might be seen as a failure of social justice on a global scale , redressing the 10/90 gap is in part a matter of domestic social justice, i-e, of how the benefits and burdens of social cooperation are distributed within each Sovereign State. Closing the gap would require governments of LMICs, such as Pakistan, to participate in dramatically increasing the amount of health research undertaken for the benefit of their own populations. Ensuring accountability for the conduct of this research with human subjects requires that protocols undergo independent ethical review. (6). A systems perspective will enable research stakeholders to improve their understanding and implementation of a national health research system (HRS) in order to improve health outcomes and health equity. Knowledge produced by health research, if disseminated widely, is a global public good. Knowledge contributes to the policies, activities, and performance of health systems, and to the improvement of individual’s and population’s health. The process of conducting research ethics and utilizing knowledge is a highly complex one. One glaring symptom of the current weakness of HRS across countries is that the research process and the policy process tend to exist in different worlds, with the result that research often has a limited impact on policy. Researchers and decision-makers tend to interact only around the â€Å"products† of their processes-for example, the results of a study for the researchers and a set of priorities for the decision-maker. Clearly, more attention needs to be given to establishing and maintaining ongoing links between the two words and, as noted previously, taking stock of the non-linearity of the research-policy-practice processes. (7). Bleak and confusing as the field may be, the last few years have been a watershed in international bioethics and the heightened debate has pushed ethical issues surrounding health research in developing countries into the limelight. The challenge is to develop sound plan for exp anding this ethics debate to larger issues of the global justice and equity, and to make the process as participatory and democratic as possible. The main goal in all these activities should be reduction of the global inequalities in health. Most of public health related problems in South Asia and their immediate causes are related to distal factors such as illiteracy, poverty, societal and gender inequities. The underlying issues must be understood to develop meaningful and sustainable solutions. (8).This will take time, but this is the only way to bring about true change in ethics of international health research. References Adnan A. Hyder and Sarah Nadeem. Health Ethics in Pakistan: A Literature Review of Its Present State. J Health Popul Nutr. 2001, 19(1): 6-11. Farhat Moazam. Research and developing countries: hopes and hypes. East Mediterranean Health Journal. 2006, Vol. 12 (Supplement no. 1): 30-36. Mohammad Afzal. Health research in the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. East Mediterranean Health Journal. Vol. 14: 67-73. Mohammad Abdur Rab Et Al. Ethical Practices for Health Research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization: A Retrospective Data Analysis. Plos one. 2008, Vol. 3(5); e2094. Anjum Halai. Ethics in Qualitative Research: Issue and Challenges. Edqual Working Paper. 2006, Quality no. 5: 1-13. Adnan A. Hyder Et Al. Integrating ethics, health policy and health systems in low-and middle–income countries: case studies from Malaysia and Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008, 86(8): 606-611. Tikki Pang Et Al. Knowledge for better health-a conceptual framework and foundation for health research systems. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003, 81(11): 815-820. Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. Globalization, Structural Adjustments and Public Health in South Asia: What does it mean for International Networking in Health Research and Researcher Training? 2001, 1-23.